Decode and determine the specifications of color-banded axial lead resistors.
Calculate output voltage based on input voltage and resistor values in a voltage divider circuit.
Calculate the RC time constant for resistive-capacitive circuits, used to determine charging and discharging time.
Calculate capacitive or inductive reactance for AC circuit analysis based on frequency and component values.
Calculate the required series resistor for LEDs to prevent damage from excessive current.
Estimate battery life based on load current and battery capacity to optimize device usage.